• Testimony - DNA

This section will explore answers to the following questions  ...


• What is DNA?
• How can we explain DNA to Children?
• How Does DNA Work?
• Did you know that the DNA Molecule is an Intricate Message System?
• Illustration - DNA. Oranges, and Information - Evidence of Creation and Design
• How does DNA point to the existence of a Creator?
• Where can I learn more about DNA? (Video, Articles, DVD)



What is DNA? The letters D.N.A. stand for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.  DNA is the informational blueprint of all known life forms excluding the questionable life forms of some viruses that use a similar chemical blueprint structure called R.N.A. (Ribonucleic Acid). DNA consists of 4 basic sub-units called nucleic acids (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine).   Each nucleic acid has a specific binding pair (A-T and C-G).  These come together in the shape of a ladder twisted in a spiral that is commonly called a “Double Helix.”  Any letter can be next to any other on the poles of the ladder, but an “A” will only connect with a “T” across each “rung” or “step” of the ladder  (Likewise a C with a G). These basic units of DNA, when arranged in specific orders and functional sections along the poles of the ladder, are called genes.  Each gene contains a message or “code.”  These codes are read by specific groups of proteins that decode the message contained in the various DNA sequences of A, T, C, and G. The proteins that read the DNA make a single stranded “working copy” of the DNA called messenger RNA (mRNA).  This process is called transcription.  After mRNA is made, several other different groups of proteins read the mRNA message.  These proteins that read the mRNA bring together single protein units called amino acids and attach them together to form a new chain of amino acids that, when folded properly, becomes a new functional protein (after some complicated modifications).   Note that only twenty different amino acids are used by almost all living things to make proteins. Practically all living cells of all creatures on this Earth form all their proteins in this manner.  Proteins are the functional units of the cell.  They make the cell able to work.  Most functions of the cell depend on proteins to perform them - to including the creation of proteins to begin with.  In fact, as has been very briefly detailed, proteins make themselves by decoding the information contained in DNA that tells the builder proteins how to make themselves.  Every single step requires energy in the form of a molecule called Adenosine Tri-phosphate (A.T.P.).  Not just any energy form will do.  The cell can only use ATP to perform useful functions.  It is very picky.  And, interestingly enough, ATP is also created with the help of very specific proteins.

The DNA molecule is one of the greatest scientific discoveries of all time. First described by James Watson and Francis Crick in 19531, DNA is the famous storehouse of genetics that establishes each organism's physical characteristics. It wasn't until mid-2001, that the “Human Genome Project” and Celera Genomics jointly presented the true nature and complexity of the digital code inherent in DNA. We now understand that the DNA molecule is comprised of chemical bases arranged in approximately 3 billion precise sequences. Even the DNA molecule for the single-celled bacterium, E. coli, contains enough information to fill an entire set of Encyclopedia Britannica. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted into a helix like a spiral staircase. Each strand is comprised of a sugar-phosphate backbone and numerous base chemicals attached in pairs. The four bases that make up the stairs in the spiraling staircase are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). These stairs act as the "letters" in the genetic alphabet, combining into complex sequences to form the words, sentences and paragraphs that act as instructions to guide the formation and functioning of the host cell.
(Source : http://detectingdesign.com/abiogenesis.html)


How can we explain DNA to Children? We are all made of trillions of cells. There are around 2.5 billion cells in one of your hands, but they are tiny. So tiny that we cannot see them. If every cell in your hand was the size of a grain of sand, your hand would be the size of a school bus. Each cell has its own job, just like humans do. Some cells help us detect light and see, other cells help us touch, some cells help us hear, other cells carry oxygen around, other cells help us digest food by secreting enzymes. There are over 200 cell types in the body - that is 200 different jobs! But how does each cell know what job to do ? Well how does human know what job it has to do? - someone tells us. Our cells are also told what to do, but not by a person or a computer! Our cells are told what to do by a very special molecule called DNA. DNA is the Instructions for Life. DNA is a record of instructions telling the cell what it's job is going to be. A good analogy for DNA as a whole is a set of blueprints for the cell, or computer code telling a PC what to do. It is written in a special alphabet that is only four letters long! Unlike a book or computer screen, DNA isn't flat and boring - it is a beautiful curved ladder. We call this shape a double helix. The letters of the DNA alphabet (called bases) make up the rungs, special sugars and other atoms make up the handrail. The rungs are very special. Each one has a name, but they prefer to be called by their initials: A, T, C and G They don't like to be by themselves so always pair up with a friend. But they are very choosy about their friends: A and T are best friends and always hang out together. G and C are best friends and always hang out together. Another way of looking at it is that A, T, G and C are like jigsaw pieces. A and T fit together, C and G fit together - you cannot force a jigsaw piece to fit in the wrong place - just like in the picture! Four letter alphabet. Think of all the words you can spell. I bet there are loads. But each word is made using the same selection of letters. Yes, sometimes we leave letters out, sometimes we repeat letters, but we always have the same selection of letters. Depending on how we arrange the letters of the alphabet we can make new words. The same is true in the four letter alphabet of DNA. If you look at a length of DNA, you can read out the letters all in a row: ATGCGTGGTCAGTCGATATATGGCCCC. These letters make up words that are always three letters long. These are called codons - ATG CGT GGT CAG TCG ATA TAT GGC CCC. These words make up sentences that the cell understands. These sentences are called genes - [ATG CGT GGT CAG] [TCG ATA TAT GGC CCC]. Each sentence tells a cell to make a special molecule called a protein. These proteins control everything in a cell. In this way, DNA is like the boss of a company, and not the brain of the cell. It issues instructions, but doesn't do very much of the actual work:) These proteins help each cell do its job. Each gene makes one protein, and only one protein. Just 4 letters. How can four letters make something as complicated as a human body? Let us take a trip back to my favorite childhood toy - Lego. Give a child 80 Lego pieces of one color and ask them to build a tower. No matter how they try, they can only make one possible combination of colors. Now give a child a box of Lego with 20 lots of 4 different colors and ask them to make a tower. The size is still the same, but the combination and order of colors is different each time they build. The possibilities are endless...well not quite, but still quite large. Remember it is the sequence of letters (order of the colors in this analogy) that stores the information. Each set of 3 letters is a word. With four different letters, there are 64 possible three-letter-words. Imagine how many combinations of these words there are in a sentence just 100 letters long!
Source: Hubpages, http://hubpages.com/education/explaining-dna-to-a-six-year-old


How Does DNA Work? Proteins are the building blocks of life, essential for growth and repair. Proteins consist of amino acid molecules comparable to the letters of the alphabet. For example, if letters are arranged correctly, they form meaningful text ("water is wet"). If the letters are not arranged correctly, the result is nonsense ("iewta wt rse"). A written word consists of letters arranged in a precise order. Similarly, amino acids must be arranged in a very precise order to form a protein. Proteins are formed by amino acid chains coalesced into an architecture preprogrammed by the specific sequence of amino acids. There are at least 30,000 distinct proteins in the human body, each one a different combination of the same 20 amino acid “letters” (similar to the 26 letters of the English alphabet). The function of each protein is determined by the three-dimensional shape of the protein, which, in turn, is determined by the sequence of amino acids. The instructions for sequencing the amino acids are contained within the DNA double helix (the genetic code). Thus, the DNA molecule determines the structure and function of all proteins, which, in turn, determines the structure and function of each and every cell. The genetic code carried by the DNA double helix molecule is an absolutely incredible digital information storage and retrieval system with its own inherent language convention. The assembly instructions inherent to the DNA molecule are essential. Amino acids cannot self-assemble. This poses a "chicken and the egg" riddle: which came first, DNA or proteins? Proteins cannot form without DNA, yet DNA is made of proteins.
Source: All About How, Randall Niles, http://www.allabouthow.com/how-does-dna-work.htm


Did you know that the DNA Molecule is an Intricate Message System? The A, T, C, and G in the genetic code of the DNA molecule can be compared to the “0” and “1” in the binary code of computer software. Like software to a computer, the DNA code is a genetic language that communicates information to the organic cell. The DNA code, like a computer disk of binary code, is quite simple in its basic paired structure. However, it's the sequencing and functioning of that code that's enormously complex. Through recent technologies like x-ray crystallography, we now know that the cell is not a “blob of protoplasm”, but rather, a microscopic marvel that is more complex than the space shuttle. The cell is very complicated, using vast numbers of phenomenally precise DNA instructions to control its every function. Although DNA code is remarkably complex, it's the information translation system connected to that code that really baffles science. Like any language, letters and words mean nothing outside the language convention used to give those letters and words meaning. This is modern information theory at its core. A simple binary example of information theory is the “Midnight Ride of Paul Revere.” In that famous story, Mr. Revere asks a friend to put one light in the window of the North Church if the British came by land, and two lights if they came by sea. Without a shared language convention between Paul Revere and his friend, that simple communication effort would mean nothing. Well, take that simple example and multiply by a factor containing hundreds of zeros. We now know that the DNA molecule is an intricate message system. To claim that DNA arose randomly is to say that information can develop randomly. Many scientists argue that the chemical building blocks of the DNA molecule can be explained by natural material processes over millions of years. However, explaining the material base of a message is completely independent of the information transmitted using those materials. Thus, the chemical building blocks have nothing to do with the origin of the complex message itself. As a simple illustration, the information content of the phrase “nature and design” has nothing to do with the writing material used, whether ink, paint, chalk or crayon. In fact, the phrase can be written in binary code, Morse code or smoke signals, but the message remains the same, independent of the medium. There is obviously no relationship between the information and the material base used to transmit it. Some current theories argue that self-organizing properties within the base chemicals themselves created the information in the first DNA molecule. Others argue that external self-organizing forces created the first DNA molecule. However, all of these theories must hold to the illogical conclusion that the material used to transmit the information also produced the information itself. Although we may not be scientists, logic tells us that the information contained within the genetic code must be entirely independent of the chemical makeup of the DNA molecule. Anyone who goes out and truly investigates the miracle of the DNA molecule - this incredible micro, digital, error-correcting, redundant, self duplicating, information storage and retrieval system, with its own inherent language convention, that has the potential to develop any organism from raw biological material - has to be equally awe struck! It is astonishing to think that this remarkable piece of machinery, which possesses the ultimate capacity to construct every living thing that ever existed on Earth, from giant redwood to the human brain, can construct all its own components in a matter of minutes and weigh less than 10-16 grams. It is of the order of several thousand million million times smaller than the smallest piece of functional machinery ever constructed by man. With the discovery, mapping and sequencing of the DNA molecule over the last few decades, we now understand that organic life is based on vastly complex information code, and, like today's most complex software codes, such information cannot be created or interpreted without some kind of “intelligence.” Even with trillions of years, the development of DNA is statistically impossible.
Source: The DNA Molecule, All About the Journey, Randall Niles
http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/dna-molecule.htm



Illustration - DNA. Oranges, and Information - Evidence of Creation and Design
If you found a bunch of oranges on the sidewalk organized in a 9 by 9 grid, you would rightly assume that it did not happen by chance. I could not convince you that as I was walking by with a bag of oranges, the bag split open and the oranges fell out into that pattern by themselves. The order (and design - the grid) of those oranges could not have come about by random chance. The order and design of DNA cries out to us as evidence of Creation/Creator and Design/Designer.


How does DNA point to the existence of a Creator? The information-bearing properties in the DNA molecule seem obvious. However, does this fact, by itself, force us to infer an Intelligent Designer as the cause of this information? Dr. Stephen C. Meyer explains, “Whether we are looking at a hieroglyphic inscription, a section of text in a book, or computer software, if you have information, and you trace it back to its source, invariably you come to an intelligence. Therefore, when you find information inscribed along the backbone of the DNA molecule in the cell, the most rational inference, based upon our repeated experience, is that an intelligence of some kind played a role in the origin of that information.”
Source: Got Questions, http://www.gotquestions.org/DNA-Creator.html



Where can I learn more about DNA?

DNA, RNA or Proteins - which came first? (00:29)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwM4H9Rb0Oc
ICR, URCall


What Is The Chance Of Obtaining All The Enzymes Required For Life? (00:29)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-0AksTzfx0
ICR, URCall


The Language of DNA (2:16)
https://answersingenesis.org/genetics/dna-similarities/dna-a-summary
AIG, Wonders of Creation


DNA and Computers Video (4:05)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyH3OCWjuhc
All About the Journey, Randall Niles


DNA Structure (4:05)
http://www.allaboutscience.org/dna-structure-video.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKHkCzZcEfc
All About Science, Randall Niles


DNA - God's Amazing Programming (4:25)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBeCxKzYiIA
Testimony by: Ken Ham, Dave Hunt, Frank Sherwin, Dr. Jason Lisle


How complex is DNA? (4:46)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mjG_txTHec
Where Did the Information in DNA come from?


Biological Information - DNA (5:28)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=14&v=lz1uBhFvTQc
Case for a Creator, Illustra Media, Illustramedia.com
Where did the information in DNA come from?


DNA - Intelligent Information Exchange (6:07)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imgyFBHvSAQ
Carl Gallups


Chicken & Egg - DNA cannot exist - without DNA (6:46)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmB4uLANCBo
Several features of the genetic code could not have developed without, well, the genetic code.
Dr. Jonathan Sarfati  


DNA vs. The Myth of Evolution (7:01)
(Mutation and Recombination) 
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoSBMFlIJ6k

Top DNA Scientist Convinced Of God (3:45)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5bPbwkjKMM
Dr. Francis Collins Interview  

Dinosaur DNA Research - Is the tale wagging the evidence?

http://www.icr.org/article/dinosaur-dna-research-tale-wagging
ICR

DNA - The Language of Life
https://answersingenesis.org/genetics/dna-similarities/dna-a-summary
AIG, Wonders of Creation


DNA Double Helix - Information Code
http://www.allaboutscience.org/dna-double-helix.htm
All About Science, Randall Niles


Eye on DNA
http://www.eyeondna.com/2007/08/20/100-facts-about-dna
Dr. Hsien-Hsien Lei


The Code Of Life DNA, Information, and Mutation (DVD)
http://www.christianbook.com/code-life-dna-information-and-mutation/pd/79186?event=ESRCG
AIG, Dr. Georgia Purdom, Length: 45 minutes, Ages: 15 and up
CBD Stock No: WW79186, Christian Book Distributors (CBD)
140 Summit St., Peabody, MA 01960, 800-247-4784


Junk DNA Is Not Junk (DVD)
https://answersingenesis.org/store/product/junk-dna-not-junk/?sku=30-9-043
Dr. David DeWitt, Length: 56 minutes, Ages: 15 and up
SKU: 30-9-043, Answers in Genesis
PO Box 510, Hebron, KY 41048, 800.778.3390